THE DUAL PROPERTY OF NUMBER AND
VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS OF CHARGE CARRIERS IN A MACROSCOPIC
CONDUCTOR UNDER THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
Lino Reggiani
a,c, Eleonora Alfinito
b,c, and
Tilmann Kuhn
d
aDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, “Ennio de
Giorgi”, Università del Salento, via Monteroni, I – 73100 Lecce,
Italy
E-mail: lino.reggiani@unisalento.it
bDipartimento di Ingegneria dell’ Innovazione,
Universit`a del Salento, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
cCNISM, Via della Vasca Navale, 84 – 00146 Roma,
Italy
dInstitut für Festkörpertheorie, Universität
Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
Received 20 September 2015; accepted 29 September 2015
Fluctuation-dissipation relations are
complemented by relating the macrovariables conductance and
resistance, that describe dissipation, to the microvariables
variance of carrier number and drift velocity fluctuations,
that are the noise sources for constant voltage and constant
current operation conditions, respectively. Thermal
equilibrium implies a relationship between these two noise
sources which follows from the reciprocity property of
conductance and resistance. The boundary conditions of the
measurement select the proper microscopic source of
fluctuations to be related to the dissipation. An important
consequence is that the source of shot noise, being associated
with fluctuations of the carrier number inside the sample, is
already present under equilibrium conditions, while the time
scale of the source changes from an effective transport time
to a current transit time when going from equilibrium to
nonequilibrium conditions.
Keywords: noise,
conductors, statistics
PACS: 05.40.-a,
05.40.ca, 72.70.+m
KRŪVININKŲ SKAIČIAUS IR GREIČIO
FLIUKTUACIJŲ DUALUMAS MAKROSKOPINIAME LAIDININKE
TERMODINAMINĖS PUSIAUSVYROS SĄLYGOMIS
Lino Reggiania,c, Eleonora Alfinitob,c,
Tilmann Kuhnd
aSalento universiteto Matematikos ir fizikos
departamentas, Lečė, Italija
bSalento universiteto Inžinerijos ir inovacijų
departamentas, Lečė, Italija
cNacionalinis tarpuniversitetinis fizinių
medžiagos mokslų konsorciumas CNISM, Roma, Italija
dMiunsterio universitetas, Miunsteris,
Vokietija
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