[PDF]    http://dx.doi.org/10.3952/lithjphys.48406

Open access article / Atviros prieigos straipsnis

Lith. J. Phys. 48, 357–366 (2008)


PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LITHUANIA: ASSESSMENT OF AIR AND SOIL CONTAMINATION
Audronė Milukaitėa, Jana Klánováb, Ivan Holoubekb, Inga Rimšelytėa, and Kęstutis Kvietkusa
aInstitute of Physics, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
E-mail: amk@ktl.mii.lt
bResearch Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic

Received 8 September 2008; revised 14 November 2008; accepted 4 December 2008

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorbiphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides (hexachlorcyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlordiphenyltrichlormetilmetanes (DDTs)) were investigated in the atmospheric air and soil at 5 sites of Lithuania during March–August, 2006. POPs concentration at different sampling sites varied in the range of 6.39–127.8 ng m–3, 0.017–0.440 ng m–3, 0.088–0.310 ng m–3, and 0.006–0.360 ng m–3 in the atmospheric air and in the range of 29.5–529.3 ng g–1, 0.6–24.0 ng g–1, 0.4–1.1 ng g–1, and 0.3–7.7 ng g–1 in soil for PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, and DDTs, respectively. The direct relationship between the POPs concentration level in the atmospheric air and soil at all sampling sites was observed. The concentrations of PAHs dominated over those of other POP groups in the atmospheric air and soil as well. The highest concentrations of almost all POP compounds were determined in the atmospheric air and soil in Vilnius city at the site with intensive traffic and commercial activity. Such wide range investigations of POPs in the natural environment components have been performed for the first time in Lithuania.
Keywords: PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, concentration, passive samplers, atmospheric air, soil
PACS: 82.33.Tb; 92.60.Mt; 07.88.+y


PATVARŪS ORGANINIAI TERŠALAI LIETUVOJE: TARŠOS ORE IR DIRVOJE ĮVERTINIMAS
Audronė Milukaitėa, Jana Klánováb, Ivan Holoubekb, Inga Rimšelytėa, Kęstutis Kvietkusa
aFizikos institutas, Vilnius, Lietuva
bMasaryko Universitetas, Brno, Čekija

Patvarių organinių teršalų (POT), tame tarpe policiklinių aromatinių angliavandenilių (PAA), polichlorbifenilų (PCB) ir pesticidų (heksachlorcikloheksanų (HCH), dichlordifeniltrichlormetilmetanų (DDT)), tyrimai atlikti 2006 m. kovo–rugpjūčio mėnesiais atmosferos ore ir dirvoje penkiose Lietuvos vietovėse. POT atmosferos ore tirti panaudojant pasyvius sorbentus, kurie pastaruoju metu yra plačiai taikomi atmosferos užterštumo tyrimams regioniniu ir globaliu mastu. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad 16-kos PAA junginių, 7-ių PCB, 4-ių HCH ir 6-ių DDT suminės koncentracijos ore Lietuvos teritorijoje kito 6,4–127,8 ng m–3, 0,017–0,440 ng m–3, 0,088–0,310 ng m–3, 0,006–0,360 ng m–3 ribose, o dirvoje 29,5–529,3 ng g–1, 0,6–24,0 ng g–1, 0,4–1,1 ng g–1, 0,3–7,7 ng g–1 ribose. Nustatyta tiesioginė priklausomybė tarp koncentracijų POT atmosferos ore ir dirvoje. Tarp tirtų POT grupių policiklinių aromatinių angliavandenilių koncentracijos buvo didžiausios ir atmosferos ore, ir dirvoje. Beveik visų POT didžiausios koncentracijos buvo Vilniaus mieste, o mažiausios – Rūgšteliškio stebėsenos stotyje. Polichlorbifenilų, ypatingai PCB28, koncentracijos buvo didesnės vasarą, esant aukštesnei oro temperatūrai. Skirtingai nuo kitų POT, policiklinių aromatinių angliavandenilių koncentracija ore mažėjo nuo šildymo sezono iki vasaros pradžios. Vidutinės benz(a)pireno koncentracijos atmosferos ore vertės, nustatytos naudojant pasyvius sorbentus, buvo mažesnės už jų vidutines vertes, nustatytas imant oro bandinius mažu filtracijos greičiu. Tai rodo, kad pasyvių sorbentų metodas labiau tinka nustatant dujines negu aerozolines POT koncentracijas. Tokie plataus spektro patvarių organinių teršalų tyrimai gamtinės aplinkos sanduose Lietuvoje atlikti pirmą kartą.


References / Nuorodos


[1] K.S. Guruge and S. Tanabe, Contamination by persistent organochlorines and butyltin compounds in the west coast of Sri Lanka, Marine Pollution Bull. 2(3), 179–186 (2001),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00140-5
[2] M.L. Lee, M.V. Novotny, and K.D. Bartle, Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (Academic Press, 1981),
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Analytical-Chemistry-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds/dp/0124145841/
[3] C.J. Halsall, R.G.M. Lee, P.J. Colemman, V. Burnett, P. Harding-Jones, and K.C. Jones, PCBs in U.K. urban air, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(9), 2368–2376 (1995),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00009a032
[4] D.M. Wethington and K.C. Hombuckle, Milwaukee WI as a source of atmospheric PCBs to Lake Michigan, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(1), 57–63 (2005),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048902d
[5] C.C. Travis, H.A. Hattemer-Frey, and E. Silbergeld, Dioxin, dioxin everywhere, Environ. Sci. Technol. 23(9), 1061–1063 (1989),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00067a002
[6] M. Tysklind, I. Fangmark, S. Marklund, A. Lindskog, L. Thaning, and Ch. Rappe, Atmospheric transport and transformation of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzofurans, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(10), 2190–2197 (1993),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00047a028
[7] M. Oehme, Further evidence for long-range air transport of polychlorinated aromates and pesticides: North America and Eurasia to the Arctic, Ambio 20(7), 293–297 (1991)
[8] M. Millet, H. Wortham, A. Sanusi, and Ph. Mirabel, Atmospheric contamination by pesticides: Determination in the liquid, gaseous and particulate phases, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 4(3), 172–180 (1997),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02986327
[9] Y.F. Li, T.F. Bidleman, L.A. Barrie, and L.L. McConnell, Global hexachlorcyclohexane use trends and their impact on the Arctic atmospheric environment, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25(1), 39–41 (1998),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97GL03441
[10] F. Wania, Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(7), 1344–1351 (2003),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es026019e
[11] T. Harner, D. Mackay, and K.C. Jones, Model of the long-term exchange of PCBs between soil and the atmosphere in the southern UK, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(5), 1200–1209 (1995),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00005a010
[12] W.D. Hafner and R.A. Hites, Potential sources pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs to the atmosphere of the Great Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(17), 3764–3773 (2003),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034021f
[13] O. Roots and A. Sweetman, Passive air sampling of persistent organic pollutants in two Estonian air monitoring stations, Oil Shale 24(3), 483–494 (2007),
http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/ref-oil-07-3-7.htm
[14] E. Brorstrom-Lunden, A. Lindskog, and J. Mower, Concentrations and fluxes of organic compounds in the atmosphere of the Swedish west coast, Atmos. Environ. 28(22), 3605–3615 (1994),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00194-P
[15] I. Holoubek, J. Klánová, J. Jarkovský, and J. Kohoutek, Trends in background levels of persistent organic pollutants at Kosetice observatory, Czech Republic, Part I. Ambient air and wet deposition 1988–2005, J. Environ. Monit. 9(6), 564–571 (2007),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B701096F
[16] T. Harner, M. Shoeib, M. Diamond, G. Stern, and B. Rosenberg, Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants. 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38(17), 4474–4483 (2004),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040302r
[17] F. Jaward, N.J. Farrar, T. Harner, A. Sweetman, and K.C. Jones, Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38(1), 34–41 (2004),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034705n
[18] T. Harner, K. Pozo, T. Gouin, A.M. Macdonald, H. Hung, J. Cainey, and A. Peters, Global pilot study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) using PUF disk passive air samplers, Environ. Pollut. 144(2), 445–452 (2006),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.053
[19] J. Klanova, P. Cupr, and I. Holoubek, Application of Passive Sampler for Monitoring of POPs in Ambient Air. Part II, RECETOX_TOCOEN Reports, 319 (Masaryk University, Brno, 2007),
http://www.muni.cz/research/publications/827459
[20] J. Kohoutek, I. Holoubek, and J. Klanova, Methodology of passive sampling, TOCOEN Report, 300 (Masaryk University, Brno, 2006) pp. 1–14,
[PDF]
[21] M. Shoeib and T. Harner, Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36(19), 4142–4151 (2002),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es020635t
[22] J. Klánová, J. Kohoutek, L. Hamplová, P. Urbanová, and J. Holoubek, Passsive air sampler as a tool for long-term air pollution monitoring, Part 1. Performance assessment for seasonal and special variations, Environ. Pollut. 144(2), 393–405 (2006),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.048
[23] NOAA archive of the meteorological database,
http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/amet.html
[24] A. Milukaite, A.K. Nika, and V.A. Yuozefaite, Relationships of distribution non-volatile organic compounds and carbon in atmospheric aerosol, J. Ecol. Chem. 1, 47–50 (1993)
[25] A. Milukaite and V. Morkunas, Variations in concentration of soot, total suspended particulates and organic admixtures in the air at the cross-roads, Environ. Chem. Phys. 21(3–4), 66–71 (1999)
[26] A. Milukaite, Long-term trends of benzo(a)pyrene concentration on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Environ. 40(11), 2046–2057 (2006),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.045
[27] A. Milukaite and A. Mikelinskiene, Atmospheric air pollution regional background formation at the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, in: Air Pollution Processes in Regional Scale, eds. D. Melas and D. Syrakov (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003) pp. 221–229,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1071-9_25
[28] A. Alford-Stevens, Analysing PCBs, Environ. Sci. Technol. 20(12), 1194–1199 (1986),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00154a001
[29] K.C. Jones, R. Duarte-Davidson, and P.A. Cause, Changes in the PCB concentration of United Kingdom air between 1972 and 1992, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(1), 272–275 (1995),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00001a036
[30] W. Tsal, Y. Cohen, H. Sakugawa, and I. Kaplan, Dynamic partitioning of semivolatile organics in gas/particle/rain phases during rain scavening, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25(12), 2012–2023 (1991),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00024a005